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Security

Encoding vs encryption vs hashing: the cryptography basics every developer needs

Nadia Haddad · Jul 10, 2026 · 7 min read

Part 5 of the security fundamentals series. Encoding, encryption, hashing, MACs and digital signatures compared by purpose and reversibility, symmetric versus asymmetric keys, and how TLS combines them all in one connection.

Banner: TypeError unhashable type after adding __eq__ to a Python class because __hash__ became None

Programming Languages Bug Report

"TypeError: unhashable type" after adding eq to a Python class: hash became None

Lucas Moreau · Jul 14, 2025 · 7 min read

A small refactor added __eq__ to our Money class so amounts could be compared. Soon a cache decorator and several set operations failed with TypeError: unhashable type: 'Money', because defining __eq__ without __hash__ sets __hash__ to None. How equality and hashing must agree.